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FM1 §3.1 Hooke's law and equilibrium problems 본문

A-level Further Maths/Further Mechanics 1

FM1 §3.1 Hooke's law and equilibrium problems

Cambridge Maths Academy 2022. 3. 21. 00:51
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Further mechanics 1

Table of contents

  1. Hooke's law
  2. Units
  3. Modulus of elasticity (λ)
  4. Examples
  5. Exercise 3A

1. Hooke's law

When an elastic string or spring is stretched, the tension, T, produced is proportional to the extension, x. TxT=kx where k is a constant.

 

The constant k depends on the unstretched length of the string or spring, l, and the modulus of elasticity of the string or spring, λ.

T=λxl This relationship is called Hooke's law.

 

Note 1: An elastic spring can also be compressed. Instead of a tension, this will produce a thrust (or compression) force. Hooke's law still works for compressed elastic springs. (For an elastic spring, the constant k is often called the 'spring constant'.)

 

Note 2: In this chapter, all elastic strings and springs are modelled as being light. This means they have negligible mass and do not stretch under their own weight.

2. Units

  • T is a force measured in newtons.
  • x and l are both lengths.
  • So the units of λ are also newtons.

3. Modulus of elasticity (λ)

The value of λ depends on the material from which the elastic string or spring is made, and is a measure of the 'stretchiness' of the string or spring. In this chapter, we may assume that Hooke's law applies for the values given in a question. In reality, Hooke's law only applies for values of x up to a maximum value, known as the elastic limit or yield point of the string or spring. (c.f. elastic and plastic deformations.)

 

 

The modulus of elasticity, λ, tells us the amount of force required to extend an elastic string or spring by its natural length, l. For example, if λ=10N and l=1m, then the extension, x, and the required tension, T, read as follows.

  • x=50 cm, T=5 N.
  • x=1 m, T=10 N.
  • x=1.5 m, T=15 N.
  • x=2 m, T=20 N.

4. Examples

Example 1. An elastic string of natural length 2 m and modulus of elasticity 29.4 N has one end fixed. A particle of mass 4 kg is attached to the other end and hangs at rest. Find the extension of the string.

 

Solution.

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The string is stretched such that the tension and the gravitational force due to mass balance. T=mgλxl=mgx=mglλ=4kg×9.8m/s2×2m29.4N=83m

This result can be illustrated as follows:

 

Aside. This is also known as the equilibrium position, e, around which any vertical (simple harmonic) oscillations take place. e=mglλ=mgk
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Simple harmonic oscillations: Suppose that the total extension is e+x. Then, the Newton's second law gives F=md2dt2(e+x)=λl(e+x)+mgm¨x=λlx¨x=λmlxx(t)=Acosωt+Bsinωt=Acosω(tt0) where x(t) is the displacement from the equilibrium position and where ω=λml=klf=12πλml=12πklT=2πmlλ=2πlk

 

Example 2. An elastic spring of natural length 1.5 m has one end attached to a fixed point. A horizontal force of magnitude 6 N is applied to the other end and compresses the spring to a length of 1 m. Find the modulus of elasticity of the spring.

 

Solution.

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The thrust due to the compression balances the horizontal force. Since the spring is compressed to a length of 1 m, the compression is x=0.5 m. T=λxl=λ×0.51.5=6λ=18N

 

Example 3. The elastic springs PQ and QR are joined together at Q to form one long spring. The spring PQ has natural length 1.6 m and modulus of elasticity 20 N. The spring QR has natural length 1.4 m and modulus of elasticity 28 N. The ends, P and R, of the long spring are attached to two fixed points which are 4 m apart, as shown in the diagram.

 

Find the tension in the combined spring.

 

Solution.

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The knot Q is located such that the tensions in the two springs balance.

Let the extension of PQ be x. The tension in PQ reads T1=λxl=20x1.6=252x

The extension of QR is given by 1x since the total length PR=4 m. The tension in QR reads T2=28(1x)1.4=20(1x)

Requiring T1=T2 gives 252x=20(1x)(252+20)x=20x=20652=813 Thus, for the tension, we find: T1=T2=252×813=10013N7.69N(3 s.f.)

 

Example 4. An elastic string of natural length 2l and modulus of elasticity 4mg is stretched between two points A and B. The points A and B are on the same horizontal level and AB=2l. A particle P is attached to the midpoint of the string and hangs in equilibrium with both parts of the string making an angle of 30 with the line AB. Find, in terms of m, the mass of the particle.

 

Solution.

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By considering the triangle ACP, we find AP=ACcos30=l32=2l3 Then the extension of AP is x=2l3l=(231)l The tension in AP then reads T=λxl=4mgl(231)l=4mg(231) By symmetry, the tension in BP has the same value. The vertical component of the sum of the two tensions balances the weight of the mass, i.e. 2Tcos60=Mg2×4mg(231)×12=MgM=4m(231)=4m(233)=43(233)m0.619m(3 s.f.)

 

Example 5. An elastic string has natural length 2 m and modulus of elasticity 98 N. One end of the string is attached to a fixed point O and the other end is attached to a particle P of mass 4 kg. The particle is held in equilibrium by a horizontal force of magnitude 28 N, with OP making an angle θ with the vertical, as shown. Find:

(a) the value of θ,

(a) the length OP.

 

Solution.

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The tension has vertical and horizontal components. Horizontally :Tsinθ=28Vertically :Tcosθ=4g

 

(a) We find TsinθTcosθ=tanθ=284g=7gθ=arctan(7g)=arctan(79.8)35.5

 

(b) For T and x, T=T2sin2θ+T2cos2θ=282+(4g)2=5801625=28574λxl=28574x=lλ×28574=298×28574=474350.983m(3 s.f.) Finally, the length OP reads OP=l+x=2+474352.98m(3 s.f.)

 

Example 6. Two identical elastic springs PQ and QR each have natural length l and modulus of elasticity 2mg. The springs are joined together at Q. Their other ends, P and R, are attached to fixed points, with P being 4l vertically above R. A particle of mass m is attached to Q and hangs at rest in equilibrium. Find the distance of the particle below P.

 

Solution.

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  • If we join the two springs at Q, Q would be placed at the mid-point of PR since they have the same modulus of elasticity and natural length, i.e. they produce an equal tension with an equal extension of l.
  • Now, as we attach a mass m to Q, due to gravity, Q would lower its position such that the tension in PQ balances the tension in QR plus the weight of m.
  • Let the extension in PQ be l+x and the extension in QR be lx.

T1=T2+mgλ(l+x)l=λ(lx)l+mg2λxl=mg2×2mgxl=mgx=l4 Thus, the distance of the partlce below P is PQ=2l+x=2l+l4=9l4

 

Example 7. One end, A, of a light elastic string AB, of natural length 0.6 m and modulus of elasticity 10 N, is fixed to a point on a fixed rough plane inclined at an angle θ to the horizontal, where sinθ=45. A ball of mass 3 kg is attached to the end, B, of the string. The coefficient of friction, μ, between the ball and the plane is 13. The ball rests in limiting equilibrium, on the point of sliding down the plane, with AB along the line of greatest slope.

(a) Find:

(i) the tension in the string,

(ii) the length of the string.

 

(b) If μ>13, without doing any further calculation, state how your answer to part (a)(ii) would change.

 

Solution.

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(a) We note that trigonometry gives: sinθ=45cosθ=35andtanθ=43

  • Resolve the forces perpendicular to the plane: R=mgcosθ
  • Resolve the forces parallel to the plane: (the friction rads f=μR) mgsinθ=T+μR

Solving simultaneous equations gives (substituting an expresion into R) mgsinθ=T+μmgcosθT=mg(sinθμcosθ)=mg(4513×35)=3mg5=3×3×9.85=44125=17.64N For the extension, we find T=λxlx=lλT=3mgl5λ=0.610×17.64=13231250=1.0584m The total length of the string is L=l+x=0.6+1.0584=1.6584m

 

(b) As μ increases, we would need less tension T, and hence smaller value for x, i.e. T=mg(sinθμcosθ)=mg5(43μ)=λxlx=mglλ(sinθμcosθ)=mgl5λ(43μ) Aside. For μtanθ=43, the friction is so high that no tension is required.

5. Exercise 3A

Question 1. One end of a light elastic string is attached to a fixed point. A force of 4 N is applied to the other end of the string so as to stretch it. The natural length of the string is 3 m and the modulus of elasticity is λ N. Find the total length of the string when:

(a) λ=30.

(b) λ=12.

(c) λ=16.

 

Solution.

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As a force is applied, the string is extended such that the tension generated by it balances the external force, i.e. T=λxl=Fx=Flλ The total length of the string is L=l+x: (a)λ=30x=Flλ=4×330=25=0.4L=3+0.4=3.4m(b)λ=12x=Flλ=4×312=1L=3+1=4m(c)λ=16x=Flλ=4×316=34=0.75L=3+0.75=3.75m Comment. The modulus of elasticity, λ, tells us the amount of force required to extend an elastic string or spring by its natural length, l.

In other words, the higher the λ, the stronger the force required to reach the same extension. Here, the external force is fixed at 4 N, thus the higher the λ, the smaller the extension.

 

Question 2. The length of an elastic spring is reduced to 0.8 m when a force of 20 N compresses it. Given that the modulus of elasticity of the spring is 25 N, find its natural length.

 

Solution.

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Let the compression by x. Then, we have lx=0.8, i.e. x=l0.8 and find: T=λxl=25(l0.8)l=205(l0.8)=4l(54)l=5×0.8l=4m

 

Question 3. (P) An elastic spring of modulus of elasticity 20 N has one end fixed. When a particle of mass 1 kg is attached to the other end and hangs at rest, the total length of the spring is 1.4 m. The particle of mass 1 kg is removed and replaced by a particle of mass 0.8 kg. Find the new length of the spring.

 

Solution.

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With a particle of mass 1 kg hanging, the tension balances its weight. The total length can be writte as l+x=1.4 which gives x=1.4l. T=λxl=mg20(1.4l)l=g2820l=gl(20+g)l=28l=2820+g=2820+9.8=1401490.940 When it is replaced by a particle of mass 0.8 kg, we find T=λxl=mgx=mglλ=0.8×9.8×14014920=137237250.368m(3 s.f.)L=l+x=140149+13723725=487237251.31m(3 s.f.)

 

Question 4. (P) A light elastic spring, of natural length a and modulus of elasticity λ, has one end fixed. A scale pan of mass M is attached to its other end and hangs in equilibrium. A mass m is gently placed in the scale pan. Find the distance of the new equilibrium position below the old one.

 

Solution.

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To start with, the elastic spring is extended such that its tension balances the weight of the scale pan of mass M. Let the extension be e and we find: T=λea=Mge=Mgaλ As a mass m is gently placed, a further extension is required to produce additional to balance the additional weight due to m, i.e. T=λ(e+x)a=(M+m)gλxa=mgx=mgaλ

 

Question 5. (P) An elastic string has length a1 when supporting a mass m1, and length a2 when supporting a mass m2. Find the natural length and modulus of elasticity of the string.

 

Solution.

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(i) When supporting a mass m1, T1=λx1l=λ(a1l)l=m1gλa1=(λ+m1g)l (ii) When supporting a mass m2 T2=λx2l=λ(a2l)l=m2gλa2=(λ+m1g)l Solving these simultaneous equations gives l=λa1λ+m1g=λa2λ+m2ga1(λ+m2g)=a2(λ+m1g)(a1a2)λ=(m1a2m2a1)gλ=(m1a2m2a1)ga1a2l=λa1λ+m1g=(m1a2m2a1)ga1a2a1(m1a2m2a1)ga1a2+m1g=(m1a2m2a1)a1g[(m1a2m2a1)+m1(a1a2)]g=(m1a2m2a1)a1(m1m2)a1=m1a2m2a1m1m2

 

Question 6. (P) When a weight, W N, is attached to a light elastic string of natural length l m, the extension of the string is 10 cm. When W is increased by 50 N, the extension of the string is increased by 15 cm. Find W.

 

Solution.

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(i) x1=10 cm for a weight W N: T1=λx1l=0.1λl=Wλl=10W (ii) x2=25 cm for a weight W+50 N: T2=λx2l=0.25λl=W+50 Substituting λl=10W into the T2-equation gives 14×10W=W+5032W=50W=23×50=1003N

 

Question 7. (E/P) An elastic spring has natural length 2a and modulus of elasticity 2mg. A particle of mass m is attached to the midpoint of the spring. One end of the spring, A, is attached to the floor of a room of height 5a and the other end is attached to the ceiling of the room at a point B vertically above A. The spring is modelled as light.

(a) Find the distance of the particle below the ceiling when it is in equilibrium. [8 marks]

(b) In reality, the spring may not be light. What effect will the model have had on the calculation of the distance of the particle below the ceiling? [1 mark]

 

Solution.

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(a) (i) Since the particle of mass m is attached to the midpoint M of the spring as shown in the diagram, we may regard the spring as being composed of two elastic springs each of which has and natural length a and modulus of elasticity 2mg.

 

(ii) As the spring is stretched from the floor to the ceiling, each half experiences an extension of 1.5a.

 

(iii) Now, let the particle fall under gravity and the extensions will adjust themselves such that the overall tension balances the weight, i.e. T1=T2+mgλx1l=λx2l+mg2mg(1.5a+x)a=2mg(1.5ax)a+mg2(1.5a+x)=2(1.5ax)+a4x=ax=a4BM=2.5a+x=52a+14a=114a

 

Aside. Suppose that the initial extension of each half is L, then the equation gives T1=T2+mgλ(L+x)l=λ(Lx)l+mgλ(L+x)=λ(Lx)+mgl2x=mglx=12(mglλ) which is one half of the extension required for an elastic spring with natural length l and modulus of elasticity λ to support a mass m. We can understand it as one half of the weight supported by the additional tension generated in the upper spring while the other half by the thrust generated in the lower spring.

 

(b) If the spring is not light, we can model the spring as a light spring with a mass M at its centre of mass. As a result, the total mass of the system would increase to m+M which lowers the position of the particle. Hence, the distance BM increases.

 

Aside. Length of a spring under its own weight:

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(i) Step 1. We may regard the spring as a uniformly distributed massive body. Let ρ be the mass density, i.e. mass per unit length, which reads ρ=mL

 

(ii) Step 2. We compare the spring extended under its own weight to its natural state, i.e. unextended, and come to the following picture.

 

(iii) Step 3. There are two formulae to describe Hooke's law T=kx=λlx The latter, which is the standard formula used in Further mechanics, is more convenient in many circumstances although it looks slightly more complicated. This is because the spring constant k varies as we vary the length of the spring. For example, suppose you cut an elastic spring with the spring constant k into two halves. Now, each half becomes an elastic spring with the spring constant 2k. If we use the latter formula, this is obvious as the natural length of the spring is halved. Since we are going to consider small incremental sections with various lengths, we will stick to the standard formula, namely, T=λlx.

 

(iv) Step 4. We may think of a small increment as having the length δy=δl+δx where δl denotes the original length of the section δx denotes the extension of the section due to the weight acting on it. The sum of the original lengths is l and let the sum of the extension be X, i.e. dl=Landdx=X

 

(v) Step 5. This small increment of the spring is extended by δx in order to sustain the weight below, i.e. T=λδlδx=ρglλδx=ρglδl Note: One may think that the length of the increment itself should also be included on the right-hand side - with a possible ambiguity of whether it should be δl, δl+δx or δl+12δx, but we can see that the inclusion of such terms makes no difference as it gives rise to a second-order term, i.e. λδx=ρglδl=ρg(l+δl)δl=ρg(l+δl+αδx)δl

 

(vi) Step 6. Finally, integration gives X0λdx=L0ρgldlλX=[12ρgl2]L0=12ρgL2=12mgLX=mgL2λ Comment. The total extension is as if a particle of mass m sits at the centre of mass, i.e. T=λL2X=mgX=mgL2λ

 

As an side, a discrete version gives: λlkxk=ρgk1i=1li=ρg(l1+l2++lk1)λlk+1xk+1=ρgki=1li=ρg(l1+l2++lk1+lk)λ(xk+1lk+1xklk)=ρglk

 

Question 8. (E/P) A uniform rod PQ, of mass 5 kg and length 3 m, has one end, P, smoothly hinged to a fixed point. The other end, Q, is attached to one end of a light elastic string of modulus of elasticity 30 N. The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point R which is on the same horizontal level as P with RP=5 m. The system is in equilibrium and PQR=90. Find:

(a) the tension in the string [5 marks]

(b) the natural length of the string. [3 marks]

 

[Hint: Take moments about P. See M2 §1. Moments.]

 

Solution.

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(a) As shown in the diagram, the string is extended such that the tension supports the weight 5g. Note that: sinθ=35 Taking moments about P gives mg×1.5sinθ=T×3T=32mgsinθ3=5g2×35=32g=14.7N

 

(b) Hooke's law gives, noting that the total length of the string is l+x=4, T=λxl=30(4l)l=14.730(4l)=14.7l(30+14.7)l=120l=12044.7=4001492.68m(3 s.f.)

 

Aside. We may answer the question by resolving forces in horizontal and vertical directions but should remember that, since it is hinged at P, there are horizontal and vertical forces acting at P. Then, We end up with three variables H,V and T and could obtain three equations - two from forces and one from moments. So we realise the necessity to use the moment equation anyway. Using T=32g, Horizontally :Tcosθ=HH=32g×45=65g=11.76NVertically :V+Tsinθ=mgV=mgTsinθ=5g32g×35=4110g=40.18N The force at P then reads F=H2+V2=(65g)2+(4110g)2=732g=41.87N

 

Question 9. (E/P) A light elastic string AB has natural length l and modulus of elasticity 2mg. Another light elastic string CD has natural length l and modulus of elasticity 4mg. The strings are joined at their ends B and C and the end A is attached to a fixed point. A particle of mass m is hung from the end D and is at rest in equilibrium. Find the length AD. [7 marks]

 

Solution.

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Since the system is in equilibrium, the forces must balance at B and D. At D :T2=mgλ2x2l2=mgx2=mgl2λ2=mgl4mg=l4At B :T1=T2=mgλ1x1l1=mgx1=mgl1λ1=mgl2mg=l2 The length AD is AD=l1+l2+x1+x2=l1+l2+mg(l1λ1+l2λ2)=(1+mgλ1)l1+(1+mgλ2)l2 For λ1=2mg and λ2=4mg, AD=(1+mg2mg)l+(1+mg4mg)l=32l+54l=114l

 

Question 10. (E/P) An elastic string PA has natural length 0.5 m and modulus of elasticity 9.8 N. The string PB is inextensible. The end A of the elastic string and the end B of the inextensible string are attached to two fixed points which are on the same horizontal level. The end P of each string is attached to a 2 kg particle. The particle hangs in equilibrium below AB, with PA making an angle of 30 with AB and PA perpendicular to PB. Find:

(a) the length PA [7 marks]

(b) the length PB [2 marks]

(c) the tension in PB. [2 marks]

 

Solution.

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(a)

  • Resolving horizontally: T1cosθ=T2sinθT2=T1cotθ()
  • Resolving verticallly: T1sinθ+T2cosθ=mg()T1sinθ+T1cotθcosθ=mgT1(sinθ+cos2θsinθ)=mgT1sinθ=mgT1=mgsinθ=12mg

Hooke's law gives T1=λxl=mgsinθx=mglsinθλ=2×9.8×0.5×129.8=0.5m and hence PA=l+x=(1+mgsinθλ)l=0.5+0.5=1m

 

(b) By trigonometry, tanθ=PBPAPB=PAtanθ=tan30=130.577m(3 s.f.)

 

(c) T2=T1cotθ=(mgsinθ)cotθ=mgcosθ=2×9.8×cos30=2×495×32=493517.0N(3 s.f.)

 

Question 11. (E/P) A particle of mass 2 kg is attached to one end P of a light elastic string PQ of modulus of elasticity 20 N and natural length 0.8 m. The end Q of the string is attached to a point on a rough plane which is inclined at an angle α to the horizontal, where tanα=34. The coefficient of friction between the particle and the plane is 12. The particle rests in limiting equilibrium, on the point of sliding down the plane, with PQ along a line of greatest slope. Find:

(a) the tension in the string [5 marks]

(b) the length of the string. [2 marks]

 

Solution.

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(a)

  • Resolving forces perpendicular to the plane R=mgcosα
  • Resolving forces parallel to the plane mgsinα=T+f=T+μR=T+μmgcosα

It gives T=mgsinαμmgcosα=mgcosα(tanαμ)=2×9.8×45(3412)=9825=3.92N

 

(b) Hooke's law gives T=λxl=20x0.8=9825[=mgcosα(tanαμ)]x=Tlλ=9825×0.820=98625=0.1568m[=mglλcosα(tanαμ)]L=l+x=0.8+98625=598625=0.9568m

 

Aside. In summary, T=mgcosα(tanαμ)=λxlx=mglλcosα(tanαμ) If the particle rests in limiting equilibrium, on the point of sliding up the plane, T=mgcosα(tanα+μ)=λxlx=mglλcosα(tanα+μ)
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